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Payroll and Benefits Guide Germany

Last updated: May 02, 2023

Currency
Euro (EUR)
Employer Taxes
20.645%
Payroll Frequency
Monthly
Employee Costs
31.05%
Capital
Berlin
Date Format
dd/mm/yyyy
Fiscal Year
1 January- 31 December
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Contributions

Employer

Employer Payroll Contributions

7.90%

Health insurance (KV) (applied on salary up to 59.850 EUR annually – 4.987,50 EUR per month)

0.60%

TK-specific supplementary contribution rate

9.30%

Pension Insurance (RV)

(applied on salary up to 84,600 EUR annually -81,000 EUR in the new federal states)

1.20%

Unemployment Insurance (AV) (applied on salary up to 84,600 EUR annually -81,000 EUR in the new federal states)

1.70%

Long-term care insurance (PV) ** in Saxony: 1.025 %

0.12%

Insolvency Charge* (effective once the employee reaches 23 years of age and is increased to 1.775% for employees with no children)

20.82%

Total Employment Cost

Employee

Employee Payroll Contributions

7.90%

Health insurance (KV) (applied on salary up to EUR per year – 4.987,50 EUR per month)

0.6%

TK-specific supplementary contribution rate

0.70%-2.30%

Long-term care insurance (PV) varies with the number of children. ** in Saxony: 1.025 %

9.30%

Pension Insurance (RV) (applied on salary up to 84,600 EUR annually -81,000 EUR in the new federal states)

1.20%

Unemployment Insurance (AV) (applied on salary up to 84,600 EUR annually -81,000 EUR in the new federal states)

1.525%

Care Insurance (PV) * * (effective once the employee reaches 23 years of age and is increased to 1.775% for employees with no children)

0% to 9%

Church Tax (when registering in Germany, declaration of region is requested, should this be Protestant, Catholic or Jewish there is a liability to pay the church tax, which the tax office collects on behalf of religious organizations in Germany. It is currently 8% in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg and 9% in all other federal states. If there is no declared religion, there is no church tax to pay).

21.225% – 31.825%

Total Employee Cost

Employee

Employee Income Tax

Single Persons Tax rate

0.00%

Up to 10,908 EUR

14.00%

10,908 EUR to 62,809 EUR

42.00%

62,810 EUR to 277,825 EUR

45.00%

277,826 EUR and over

Married Persons Joint Return Tax Rate

0.00%

up to 21,816 EUR

14.00%

from 21,817 EUR to 125,620

42.00%

from 125,621 EUR to 555,652 EUR

42.00%

more than 555,652 EUR

Employer taxes

Highest
Lowest

Employee taxes

Highest
Lowest

Minimum Wage

General

The Minimum Wage Act (Mindestlohngesetz- MiLoG) set the national minimum wage as 12.00 EUR on 1 Jan, 2023.

The 2023 earnings limit for mini-jobs is 520 EUR, and for midi-jobs 2,000 EUR. (A mini job is a position in Germany where the employee earns no more than a certain amount each month, allowing people to work fewer hours free of tax).

However, many different minimum rates are depicted in industry-specific collective bargaining agreements.

MINIMUM WAGE (PER MONTH)

Highest
Lowest

Payroll

Payroll Cycle

In Germany the payroll frequency is monthly and paid typically on or around the 25th of the month.

13th Salary

13th-month salary payments are customary in Germany and are paid on the December pay date.

Authority Payments

Authority Payment

Paid To

Due Date

Method

AOK Hessen, Employer Contribution

AOK Hessen

3 business days before the end of the month

eCheck (Local)

AOK Nordost, Employer Contribution

AOK Nordost

3 business days before the end of the month

eCheck (Local)

Barmer GEK RK/Ost, Employer Contribution

Barmer GEK RK/Ost

3 business days before the end of the month

eCheck (Local)

Barmer GEK RK/West, Employer Contribution

Barmer GEK RK/West

3 business days before the end of the month

eCheck (Local)

EK DAK-Gesundheit, Employer Contribution

EK DAK-Gesundheit

3 business days before the end of the month

eCheck (Local)

EK DAK-Gesundheit RK/Ost, Employer Contribution

EK DAK-Gesundheit RK/Ost

3 business days before the end of the month

eCheck (Local)

EK hkk, Employer Contribution

EK hkk

3 business days before the end of the month

eCheck (Local)

Payroll tax

Finanzamt Charlottenburg

Until the 10th of the following month.

If it’s not a business day, it will be on the next business day

eCheck (Local)

KKH Kaufmaennische RK West, Employer Contribution

KKH Kaufmaennische RK West

3 business days before the end of the month

eCheck (Local)

Techniker Krankenkasse RK/Ost, Employer Contribution

Techniker Krankenkasse RK/Ost

3 business days before the end of the month

eCheck (Local)

Techniker Krankenkasse RK/West, Employer Contribution

Techniker Krankenkasse RK/West

3 business days before the end of the month

eCheck (Local)

Working Hours

General

The standard working week in Germany is 40 hours per week, 8 hours per day. The work week can be no longer than 48 hours, 10 hours per day if, within six months or 24 weeks, the overall average working time does not exceed eight hours per day.

Overtime

Overtime work must conform to the maximum working hours stipulated within the employee contract/collective agreement.

There are two common types of overtime: Mehrarbeit, which refers to working time that exceeds the maximum limit of 48 hours per week (8 hours per day across a 6-day working week), as set out in the Working Hours Act. This may be extended up to 10 hours per day if the employee’s total working hours average 8 hours per day over six months.

The second, Überstunden, which is defined as any hours worked on top of one’s contractually agreed hours, is legally permissible and must normally be compensated.

Working Week

Monday–Saturday

Leave

Paid Time Off

The statutory minimum entitlement of annual leave is 20 working days per year for employees working a regular 5-day week, and 24 working days per year for those working a regular 6 day week, as set by the Bundesurlaubsgesetz – the Federal Holidays Act. From 2023, people working in Germany will be able to carry over their unused holidays for up to three years.

Entitlement for paid vacation is called Urlaubsanspruch. The Urlaubstage number is listed in the employment contract or collective agreement (Tarifvertrag), depending on the type of industry.

Many collective agreements increase this entitlement to 30 working days, and employees that work in dangerous or high-risk environments are often entitled to additional leave.

Vacation Days
Public Holidays
Highest
Lowest

Public Holidays

German holidays differ based on the state. However, there are 9 national holidays that all states follow.

Public holidays that fall on the weekend are usually lost.

Sick Days

Eligible employees (those who have been employed for four weeks before starting sick leave) are entitled to sick pay of 100% of the regular income for up to six weeks (Entgeltfortzahlung bei Krankheit oder Kur). After six weeks, the health insurance fund (Krankengeld) pays between 70% and 90% of the regular salary, based on the insured employee’s fund level, for up to 78 weeks in three years for incapacity caused by the same illness, calculated from the first day of sickness.

The employee must inform the employer of their incapacity for work and the anticipated duration of the incapacity as soon as possible. If an illness lasts longer than three days, an employee must submit a doctor’s certificate no later than the following working day. From 2023 onwards, working incapacity certificates will be digital and transmitted electronically by the doctor.

Maternity Leave

A pregnant employee is entitled to 14 weeks of paid maternity leave (Mutterschutzgesetz – MuSchG), which can increase to 18 weeks with complicated/multiple births.

Maternity leave consists of two periods: Prenatal leave, which requires the employee to take a minimum of 6 weeks before the expected due date, and Postnatal leave, which requires an employee to take the remaining eight weeks of leave starting from the date of the birth of the child.

The public health insurance fund pays the maternity payment. The payment is equivalent to the average sum of the net wages for the three months before the pregnancy paid by the employee’s public health insurance (or the state in the case of private health insured employees, maximum 210 EUR) and the employer.  The public health insurance pays the maternity benefit (Mutterschaftsgeld) only up to a maximum of 13 EUR a day.

If the daily net wage of the last three months is higher, the employer must pay a grant (Zuschuss Zum Mutterschaftsgeld) for the difference.

PAID MATERNITY LEAVE (DAYS)

Highest
Lowest

Paternity Leave

Paternity leave falls under the parental leave.

Parental Leave

New parents are legally entitled to unpaid parental leave (Elternzeit) and must request the leave in writing at least seven weeks before the start date.

Parental leave is 36 months (including the eight weeks of postnatal leave) and can be shared between the parents. However, the parents must take at least 12 months of parental leave within the first three years; the remainder, with permission from the employer, can be used at any point between the child’s second and seventh birthday. Parents can also choose to work part-time up to 30 hours per week with prior permission from the employer during parental leave.

Other Leave

Depending on the collective agreement, employees may be allowed additional leave types once approved between the employer and employee, including family care time (Pflegezeitgesetz). Family care time entitles an employee to up to 10 days unpaid leave to assist a seriously ill family member or family emergency.

Termination

Termination Process

The termination process varies according to the employment agreement and collective agreement, and is based on the type of contract and reason for termination. After the first six months of employment, employees are protected by the German Termination Protection Act.

Notice Period

In general, notice periods in Germany are four weeks but are stipulated within the employment contract/collective agreement and are linked to the employee’s length of service as below:

Up to 2 years 4 weeks (per the 15th or last day of the month)
2 to 4 years 1 month
5 to 7 years 2 months
8 to 9 years 3 months
10 to 11 years 4 months
12 to 14 years 5 months

Severance Pay

Severance pay is only applicable when an employer terminates an employment agreement without notice; in this case, the severance pay is the same amount the employee would earn if given notice.

Should the reason for termination be caused by company operational changes, the employer must give severance payment, generally being two weeks regular salary payment for each year of service.

Probation Period

Probation or trial periods are generally set within the collective agreements. The common practice in Germany is up to 6 months.

Common Benefits

General

  • Transportation/commuter allowance
  • Wellness allowance
  • Phone and internet allowance
  • Vacation and Christmas bonus, performance bonuses
  • Car allowance
  • Travel insurance
  • Edenred Card: a tax-free benefits card that employees can use at shops, supermarkets, and gas stations
  • House cleaning allowance

VISA

VISA

A long-term (national) German visa type D is required to work in Germany as it allows a foreigner to stay in the country for more than three months. In 2020 the German legislation changed in terms of the required minimum level of skills of the applicant; this is now diploma level, together with being competent in the use of the German language.

The different types of Visas are as follows:

  • EU Blue Card allows an employee to work in all European countries. To be granted an EU Blue Card, the applicant must have graduated from a university, have an employment contract with the employing company, and a lower salary threshold than 39,600 EUR for IT specialists, mathematicians, and representatives of the engineering field, and 50,800 EUR for other applicants.
  • Permanent residence for valuable personnel. This condition applies to scientists known for their work, researchers, and professors.
  • Permission for highly qualified specialists. Obtaining a work visa to Germany is possible if you have the appropriate skills and a salary of 86,400 EUR annually.
  • General employment. This is the most demanded type of German work permit. There are no strict requirements for education and specialty. Also, the profession must be in demand at the time of the request. To apply for a visa, you must confirm your qualifications and have an employment contract on hand.
  • For job search. This is for the option of obtaining a work visa to Germany for future employment. If approved, a person can stay in the country for six months, after which it is necessary to re-register or obtain a residence permit.

VAT

General

The standard VAT rate in Germany is 19.00%.

For details regarding hiring in Germany without a local registered entity see our German PEO service

Stay up to date on payroll & employment law changes

Version History

February 28, 2022
The national minimum wage increased to 9.82 EUR on 1 Jan. 2022 and will increase to 10.45 EUR on 1 July 2022.
Payroll contributions and personal income tax rates have been updated.
December 29, 2021
Minimum wage rises to €9.82
July 1, 2021
Minimum wage increases to 9.60 EUR per hour
January 1, 2021
Additional statutory health insurance increases to 1.3%.
More

Questions & Answers

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Robyn W.
Robyn W.
3 years ago

Is it mandatory to provide employees with private health insurance?

Erez Greenberg
Erez Greenberg
3 years ago
Reply to  Robyn W.

Health insurance coverage is mandatory but it can be either public or private insurance
and typically depends on the salary and personal preference of the employee.

Klaus Lutz
Klaus Lutz
3 years ago

What are the rules on vacation carry over? 

Emily Kuhnert
Emily Kuhnert
3 years ago
Reply to  Klaus Lutz

Leave in Germany is supposed to be continuous unless the leave would interfere with the employer’s urgent operations.
In this case, leave can be split up, with one vacation being at least 12 consecutive days. In general, leave must be taken within the same calendar year that it is accrued, however, if operations of the company or personal reasons of the employee prevent the leave being taken, leave can be carried over to the next year but must be used within the first 3 months.

Leon
Leon
2 years ago

If my employee and I agree to terminate an employment contract early, it is necessary to put the termination date in writing?

Alex Margolin
Alex Margolin
2 years ago
Reply to  Leon

A contract can be ended early if both parties agree. However, it is highly recommended that you draw up a new contract with the agreed terms signed by both parties so that there are no grounds for legal action later in case the employee misunderstood the full ramifications.

Valentin Guadarrama
Valentin Guadarrama
2 years ago

What is the so called “Direct insurance” in Germany?

Erez Greenberg
Erez Greenberg
2 years ago

Hi, “Direct Insurance” is a supplementary occupational pension scheme that allows for the employer to be the direct policyholder who transfers the contributions directly to the insurance company. Direct insurance can be both employer-financed, employee-financed, or mixed. This scheme is intended to provide a wide range of benefits towards pension.

Melisa
Melisa
1 year ago
Reply to  Erez Greenberg

Does an employer need to have a legal entity in order to take over an employee’s insurance
scheme?

Erez Greenberg
Erez Greenberg
1 year ago
Reply to  Melisa

Hi, What kind of insurance scheme are you referring to? The rules might differ depending on if it is mandatory or optional. Typically, when it comes to an employer insurance e.g. accident coverage, an entity is required.

Melisa
Melisa
1 year ago
Reply to  Erez Greenberg

Hi Erez – A private health insurance and private pension scheme. I would assume yes an entity needs to be established but couldn’t find anything online to confirm that.

Hernan Chiosso
Hernan Chiosso
2 years ago

Are there any restrictions regarding the duration of third party employment through a PEO? I heard somewhere that one could only use a PEO for a maximum of 18 months

Erez Greenberg
Erez Greenberg
2 years ago
Reply to  Hernan Chiosso

Hi Hernan, That is correct, the maximum limit a company can hire through a PEO is 18 months.

Hernan Chiosso
Hernan Chiosso
2 years ago
Reply to  Erez Greenberg

Thanks, and what happens if you change the PEO after 18 months? Is that a possibility? Or would the company need to establish business in Germany?

Alja Cokan
Alja Cokan
2 years ago
Reply to  Erez Greenberg

Which other countries have the (18-month) duration limit for the PEO?

Emily Kuhnert
Emily Kuhnert
2 years ago
Reply to  Alja Cokan

Hi Alja, thank you for your question. Croatia has a 3-year limit, however, the contract may be renewed for an additional 3 years so long as the worker’s job title and scope of work is significantly different.

Daniela Mercado
Daniela Mercado
1 year ago

Hi– is there a cap on the employer contributions when an employee reaches a certain income?

Erez Greenberg
Erez Greenberg
1 year ago

Hi Daniela, The two different caps for the social contributions are as follow:

The cap of 58,200 Euro for these elements:
Pension insurance
Unemployment Insurance
Accident insurance
Insolvency Contribution

The cap of 58,050 Euro for these elements:
Health Insurance
Long-term care insurance

Please note these caps are for 2021, we are still pending if there will be a change in 2022.

Abigail Aldouri
Abigail Aldouri
1 year ago

Hi how is part time holiday allowance managed? If someone is working 32 hours per week across 5 days. Would the allowance be the same as a full time worker (31 days) as they will be working 5 days, or does it need to be pro-rated on an hourly rate? Also do we need to pro-rata the bank holidays also?

Erez Greenberg
Erez Greenberg
1 year ago

This kind of benefit is usually in place if there is a collective agreement, or if there is a company practice. Usually, a fixed payout month is determined.
Part-time employees are also entitled to receive pro-rated holiday pay.

Aarav Singh
Aarav Singh
1 year ago

Is there a limit how long a employee in Germany can be hire for

Erez Greenberg
Erez Greenberg
1 year ago
Reply to  Aarav Singh

Hi, I would require more information in order to assist you with this question.

Tessa J.
Tessa J.
1 year ago

What are Germany’s final pay (voluntary and involuntary) & PILON laws?

Erez Greenberg
Erez Greenberg
1 year ago
Reply to  Tessa J.

In the event of termination, an employee must receive at least a half month’s salary for each year of service. Normally, Pilon is not allowed in Germany and is only permitted if it has been agreed upon or if there are exceptional circumstances.

Michael
Michael
1 year ago

HI is there any additional payment if an employee works on Holidays / Sundays ?

Erez Greenberg
Erez Greenberg
1 year ago
Reply to  Michael

The law in Germany requires an employee to work no more than an average of 40 hours within a 6-month timeframe. Work on Sundays and public holidays is generally prohibited. There are exceptions but work on Sundays has to be compensated for by corresponding time off within the next two weeks (or eight weeks in the case of work on public holidays). Also, employers would have to get permission from the local authorities for an employee to work on Sundays with a reason as to why work on Sundays is required.

Nicholas
Nicholas
1 year ago

Are there rules around how prorated monthly salary is calculated, e.g. if an employee has worked only 10 days in a month, is salary = 10/number of days in month, or salary = 10/number of work days in month?

Erez Greenberg
Erez Greenberg
1 year ago
Reply to  Nicholas

In Germany, the monthly salary is always based on 30 days, even if the month has 31 days. This means that if an employee has worked from November 1st to November 10th, their monthly salary will be divided by 30 and multiplied by 10 (even if the month has 31 days).

Nicholas
Nicholas
1 year ago
Reply to  Erez Greenberg

Hi Erez, my question was about something different. Let’s say you worked 5 days in a month, but there is a weekend in between, you would be paid more prorated than someone who worked Monday to Friday?

Natalie C
Natalie C
1 year ago

if a german national who is working for an Uk employer in england now wants to work remotely from Germany, how does this affect the UK employer liabilites?

Erez Greenberg
Erez Greenberg
1 year ago
Reply to  Natalie C

This is a specific legal issue you should seek guidance for, but in most cases, the worker should be on a contract according to where they are based.

Jip
Jip
2 months ago

Are there also state specific employers taxes? Or is employers tax only on national level?

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Payroll and Benefits Guide
in Germany

What’s covered in this guide:

  • Employer/employee contributions
  • Minimum wage
  • Working hours
  • Visa requirements

And more...

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All questions are answered by our in-house compliance department working in conjunction with our local in-country partner for this specific country

Public Holidays Calendar

Germany 2023
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Day Date Holiday Notes
Sunday Jan-1 New Year’s Day
Friday Jan-6 Epiphany Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, and Saxony-Anhalt
Wednesday Mar-8 International Women’s Day Berlin
Friday Apr-7 Good Friday
Sunday Apr-9 Easter Sunday Brandenburg
Monday Apr-10 Easter Monday
Monday May-1 Labour Day
Thursday May-18 Ascension Day
Sunday May-28 Whit Sunday Berlin
Monday May-29 Whit Monday
Thursday Jun-8 Corpus Christi Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, North Rhine Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, and some local authorities in Saxony and Thuringia
Tuesday Aug-15 Assumption Day Saarland and some local authorities in Bavaria
Tuesday Oct-3 Day of German Unity
Tuesday Oct-31 Reformation Day Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony), Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringia
Wednesday Nov-1 All Saints’ Day Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, and Saarland
Wednesday Nov-22 Repentance Day Sachsen
Monday Dec-25 Christmas
Tuesday Dec-26 Christmas